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Imported Hits
This program title page for The Pink Lady (1911) announces that complimentary pink parasols will be distributed to all ladies attending the 200th performance.

George M. Cohan and Victor Herbert were still turning out hits, but these scores were a continuation of the kind of work each had been doing since the start of the century. Between 1910 and 1920, many Broadway producers concentrated on importing musicals from Europe. Notable examples include –

• Madame Sherry (1910 - 231), a Viennese operetta involving a bachelor who pretends he is married in order to wheedle some money out of his wealthy uncle. The New York production kept the plot, but American librettist Otto Harbach provided a new book and lyrics, with all-new melodies by Karl Hoschna. The waltz-laden score included "Every Little Movement (Has a Meaning All Its Own)."

• The Arcadians (1910 - 193), with its fanciful tale residents of an earthly paradise who try to teach modern Londoners the value of honesty, ran for more than two years on the West End. Despite a tuneful score by both Lionel Monckton and Howard Talbot, it was only a moderate success in the US.

• British composer Ivan Caryll's The Pink Lady (1911 - 320) was the story of a young man stealing kisses in a French forest and a some other loosely related romantic shenanigans. It made Hazel Dawn a star and initiated an American craze for pink ladies fashions. With its popular "Kiss Waltz," The Pink Lady set a new box office record for Broadway's massive New Amsterdam Theatre.

• The Shubert Brothers had the 1874 Johann Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus translated into into a vehicle for vaudeville's popular Dolly Sisters, re-titled it The Merry Countess (1912 - 135) and reaped healthy ticket sales.

• Maid of the Mountains (1917) wowed wartime London with its old-fashioned tale of a country girl who loves a swashbuckling bandit, racking up a then-astounding 1,325 performances. It made a star of soprano Jose Collins, who would play the role for decades to come. The heavily revised 1918 Broadway version was so clumsy that it closed in less than a month.

Jerome Kern: "They Didn't Believe Me"
The American musical found a new creative drive thanks to a native New Yorker who got his start amending the scores of imported British musicals. Since British high society rarely arrived at a theatre before intermission, London musicals of the early 1900s often saved their best material for the second act and filled the first half of the evening with fluff. These shows had to be revised for New York audiences, who tended to arrive for the first curtain and leave at intermission if the first act was not up to snuff.

When producer Charles Frohman brought over the British hit The Girl From Utah (1914 - 120), the plot (an American girl flees to London rather than become a rich Mormon's latest wife) was amusing, but the British score was unremarkable. So Frohman hired composer Jerome Kern and veteran lyricist Herbert Reynolds to write five new numbers for the lackluster first act.

When Julia Sanderson and Donald Brian introduced Kern's "They Didn't Believe Me" in The Girl From Utah, they became one of the most popular stage duo's of their time. These photos come from the original cast program.

Kern and Reynolds had added uncredited songs to previous imports. This time they demanded and got full program credit. Their delightful ballad "They Didn't Believe Me" marked a turning point in the development of popular music. The melody defies time. Forthright sentiment meets refined romance, and the resulting sound pointed to the Broadway musical's future. Rejecting the flowery poetry found in most period love songs, the lyric captured the easy cadence of everyday conversation –

And when I told them
How beautiful you are
They didn't believe me.
They didn't believe me.
Your lips, you eyes, your curly hair
Are in a class beyond compare
You're the loveliest girl 
That one could see.
And when I tell them,
(And I certainly am going to tell them)
That I'm the man
Who's wife one day you'll be,
They'll never believe me,
They'll never believe me,
That from this great big world
You've chosen me.
- Transcribed from sheet music

As Julia Sanderson and Donald Brian sang those words in the Knickerbocker Theatre on the night of August 14, 1914, it is doubtful they or their audience realized they were part of an historic moment. As far as they knew, it was just great entertainment. "They Didn't Believe Me" eclipsed everything in the show's original British score and made Kern the hottest new composer on Broadway. Musical theatre -- in fact, all popular music -- would never be the same.

The Princess Theatre Musicals
Kern's best melodies have a timeless, distinctly American sound that redefined the Broadway showtune. He made the most of his early popularity, composing sixteen Broadway scores between 1916 and 1920. The most memorable of these graced a series of innovative musicals for The Princess Theatre. 

Ray Comstock built this cozy 299 seat house for a dramatic repertory company that proved unsuccessful. Agent Elizabeth Marbury suggested producing small, low-budget musicals as alternatives to the lavish songfests then dominating Broadway. Comstock and Marbury joined forces, hired Kern and librettist Guy Bolton, limited production expenses to $7,500, and launched a series now referred to as The Princess Theatre Musicals. Kern and Bolton began by adapting the London operetta Mr. Popple of Ippleton. They downsized the cast, replaced all of the book and most of the score, and renamed it Nobody Home (1915 - 135). The result barely broke even, but was so charming that the creative team decided to attempt an original project.

This time, Kern and his collaborators focused on settings and characters that would be familiar to Broadway audiences of that time. Very Good Eddie (1915 - 341) involved two honeymooning couples who get involved in some innocent misunderstandings while taking a cruise on a Hudson River steamboat. Because of the Princess Theatre's size, the production aimed for a naturalistic and seemingly informal style. 

With little or no space separating the players from the audience, Very Good Eddie depended upon the ease and credibility of the acting and characterization. Scarcely any previous musical comedy had been favored with a plot and dialogue so coherent, so nearly related to those of well-written non-musical plays.
- Cecil Smith, Musical Comedy in America (New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1950), p. 212.

Man and wife are reunited in the finale to Oh Boy! (1917), the longest running Princess Theatre musical.

The Princess Musicals hit their full stride when British lyricist-librettist P.G. Wodehouse joined the team. Their next few shows featured amusing plots, a trove of charming Kern melodies, and (thanks in large part to Wodehouse) the wittiest lyrics on Broadway –

– Have a Heart (1917 - 76) landed in the hands of producer Henry Savage, who greedily booked it into the sizeable Liberty Theatre. Perhaps that is why this story of a second honeymoon that nearly wrecks a marriage only lasted two months.

– Oh Boy! (1917 - 463) - While a newlywed man's wife is away, he lets a college girl avoid arrest by hiding out in his house. Then his wife comes home – crisis! But all the tangled  misunderstandings were resolved by the final curtain. With a score that included "Till the Clouds Roll By," this became the longest running Princess Theatre musical, one of the few American musicals of its time to enjoy a successful run in London.

– Leave It To Jane (1917 - 167) - With Oh Boy! still running at the Princess, the team opened this show at the slightly larger Longacre Theatre. A college president's daughter woos a rival school's star quarterback and loses her heart to him in the process. The catchy title tune and the comic "Cleopatterer" were highlights. A cozy 1959 Off-Broadway revival captured enough period charm to run for a whopping 928 performances.

– Oh, Lady! Lady! (1918 - 219) - A young man tries to convince an ex-girlfriend he was unworthy of her, and only succeeds in looking ridiculous to his new fiancé.

– Oh, My Dear! (1918 - 189) - A group of eccentric New Yorkers check into a health farm. With Kern otherwise occupied, the music was provided by Louis Hirsch. Despite a respectable run, everyone realized there was little point in continuing the series without Kern.

In a period interview, Bolton explained what he and his collaborators were trying to do –

"Our musical comedies . . . depend as much upon plot and the development of their characters for success as upon their music, and . . . they deal with subjects and peoples near to the audiences. In the development of our plot . . . we endeavor to make everything count. Every line, funny or serious, is supposedly to help the plot continue to hold."
- as quoted in Gerald Bordman's American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle (New York: Oxford Press, 1978), p. 330.

Despite the claims of some experts, The Princess shows were not the first musicals to integrate song and story – Offenbach did it in the previous century, as did Gilbert and Sullivan. As for believable characters in everyday settings, Cohan and others started doing that over a decade earlier. So what made the Princess series unique? Aside from an intimate performing style that presaged the future appeal of sound film, these were the first musicals to profit from the full creative genius of Jerome Kern. There is no question that Bolton and Wodehouse's wit was crucial to the success of the series, but it is Kern's music that captured the hearts of theatre goers. Otherwise, the series would have continued after Kern left the team.

Kern loved it when his songs became hits, but he had a higher priority. As he once told an interviewer, "I'm trying to apply modern art to light music as Debussy and those men have done to more serious work." Kern would continue to enrich the musical stage and screen for decades to come – there is more on him in the chapters ahead.

Just months after Kern made the scene with his contributions to The Girl From Utah, another great American composer unveiled his first complete stage score. Trained in the pop song traditions of Tin Pan Alley, Irving Berlin became an immediate Broadway legend.

Next: 1910s - Part II